Human Environment Settlements Transport and Communication

Human-Environment Settlements Transport and Communication 

You know that Adivasi used to live in the nature of human nature. Today again wildlife lives in forests, in the same way humans also lived in forests. And from his natural environment, Human Environment used to fulfill all his needs. At that time neither he had knowledge of agriculture nor did he raise cattle. Wild fruits used to live their life only after eating flowers. At that time there were neither any settlements nor any means of transport and communication.

Human Environment Settlements Transport and Communication

The meaning of the human environment

Human being is the only creature on earth who has continuously tried to make the natural environment human environment friendly. And today the human environment has changed so much due to human efforts. Which is not imaginable. The change that human has brought in the natural environment is called human environment. Human or cultural environment is an important part of our entire environment.

Adivans used to live on caves or trees like wildlife and used to go from one place to another in search of food. When man slowly started to raise animals, he started living in a hut at one place. In this way small settlements started being formed.

Settlements Settlements

These are places where people build homes for themselves. Initially the settlements developed near the river valleys because there was sufficient water available for farming and the land was fertile. With the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing, the size of human settlements became larger. Settlements flourished near river valleys and civilization developed.

Some ancient river valleys developed famous civilizations. Indus Valley Civilization (present-day India and Pakistan) Nile Valley Civilization (Egypt) Hranghe Valley Civilization (China) and Tigris-Euphrates Valley Civilization (present-day Iraq).

Settlements may be permanent or temporary. The settlements which are made for some time are called temporary settlements. Residents of dense forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often live in temporary settlements. They do hunting, storage and transfer agriculture. Some people spend the season with their animals. These people also live in temporary settlements, but most are permanent settlements. In which people build raw or pucca houses for their living.

Factors affecting permanent settlements

You saw that permanent settlements developed with the invention of agriculture. You also noticed that in the beginning people started to establish settlements in river valleys. The most important and fundamental factor was the availability of water behind it. Even today, the sources of water for the development of villages, towns or cities have special importance. The developed settlements around the water sources are called wet point settlements.

Topography is also an important factor in the development of settlements. It is easier to build large settlements in the plains than in the mountainous regions. You will see that all the big cities of the world are found in the plains. It is also easy to build roads and railways in the plains.

The favorable climate also contributes to making permanent settlements. It is difficult to live in very cold, very hot and dry areas. Therefore, the development of permanent settlements in these areas is less.

In the current industrial era, many big cities develop in industrial areas. Cities develop as ports around seaside areas. Because most of the international trade is by sea.

Rural and urban settlements

Based on the size of the settlements and the main occupations of the people, settlements are divided into two parts. Rural Settlements and Urban Settlements Rural settlements are small in size while urban settlements are quite large in size. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people living in rural settlements, while people living in urban settlements are often engaged in trade, industries, transport, communication and other occupations such as working in offices etc.

Rural Settlement Rural Settlement

A rural settlement can be compact or sparse. In dense settlements, houses are spread over a wide area. Scattered settlements are found mainly in hilly areas, dense forests and deserts. In rural areas, people build their environmentally friendly houses. In areas with excessive rainfall, they make a roof with a slope. In areas where there is accumulation of water at the time of rain, houses are built on high platforms or stilts.

City Area

People often build pucca houses in the urban areas using cement, stone, iron, wood, concrete, etc. Urban settlements are often dense. Nowadays many people in rural areas are migrating to cities due to better education and medical facilities, due to which the population of cities is increasing at a rapid pace, due to which slums can be seen in many big cities. People live in such places in crowded and unhealthy conditions. In contrast, villages have open land and fresh air to breathe.

Hot Climate Hot Climate

In areas of hot climate, houses with thick mud walls are found, whose roofs are made of pimple. Local materials like - stone, punk, clay, grass etc. are used to build houses. In very cold state tundra, people build ice dome houses, which are called igloos.

Transportation

Transport is a means of movement of people and goods. In the olden times it took a long time to travel long distances because people either walked on foot or used animals to carry their belongings. Transportation became easier with the discovery of the wheel. Over time, various modes of transport continued to develop, but even today people use animals for transportation.

In our country, horses, mules, donkeys, oxen and camels are commonly used for transportation. Lama is used in the Andes Mountains of South America in the same way as yak is used in Tibet. Yak is also used in the north mountain regions of our country.

The main modes of modern transport related to the human environment can be divided into three parts.

• Land route (road and rail route)
• Waterways (Norwegian, steamer and ships)
• Airways (airplanes and helicopters)

Land Roads and Human Environment

Roads are the most important means of transport for short distance traffic. Roads can be paved and rough. Kutcha roads are often found in rural areas. It is easy to make roads in the plains. All towns and cities and many rural areas of India are also connected by paved roads. Some places of deserts, forests and high mountains are also connected by paved roads. Some places of deserts, forests and high mountains are also connected by paved roads. The Manali Leh Raj Marg on the Himalayan Mountains is one of the highest roadways in the world. The underground roads are called Subway. Flyovers are made in large cities above the built structures.

Rail traffic and Human Environment

Rail travel is cheaper and convenient than roads for traveling long distances on land and carrying goods. But to make rail lines, more capital and skill is required than roads. The discovery of steam engines and the industrial revolution contributed to the rapid development of rail transport. Initially, coal was used as fuel in railway locomotives.

But now diesel is being used in them. The engines of high speed trains are also run by electricity. There are special freight trains to carry extra goods in addition to passenger trains, by which millions of tons of goods are carried daily.

Long distance trains have bedrooms for the convenience of passengers. Laying of rail lines in the plains of India is often not possible. Some railroads have been built in the remote mountainous areas with advanced technological skills, but the number is quite small.

Like some big cities of the world, underground rail lines (metro rail) have also been laid in two big cities of India, Kolkata and Delhi. These have two major benefits. One, people get relief from road traffic congestion and secondly there is no air pollution. People can easily go to their respective work sites for less.

Water Transport and Human Environment

It is the oldest means of transport. Water transport is the cheapest means of transport. In the olden times when there were no other modern means of transport, people used to go from one place to another by boats. Nowadays, less and more mechanized boats are used, steamers and ships. Commercial ships carry large quantities of body size and heavy goods from one country to another. These routes are connected to ports.

There are mainly two types of waterways. Inland waterways and marine waterways navigable rivers and lakes are used for inland waterways. There is some important inland waterway. Ganga Brahmaputranadi Tantra, Great Lakes in North America and Nile in Africa.

Sea and ocean routes are mainly used for international trade. Some of the popular ports on these routes are Singapore and Mumbai in Asia, New York and Los Angeles in North America, Riodigenario in South America, Durban and Cape Town in Africa, Sydney in Australia, London in Europe.

Due to the formation of the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and the Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in Central America, the distance between ocean and ocean routes between different countries has been reduced considerably.

Air Transport and Human Environment

It is the most rapid means of transport developed in the early twentieth century. But due to the high cost of fuel, it is the most expensive instrument. Air traffic is affected by bad weather such as fog and storm. It is a means of transport that can reach the most inaccessible and inaccessible places. Especially where there is no road and railroad.

Helicopters are a very useful tool for rescuing people in inaccessible places and in crisis situations and for transporting food, water, clothes and medicines. There are some important airports. Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Rome, Frankfurt and Cairo. Air travel has made transport so fast that today it takes only 7 to 7 hours to travel from India to Europe.

Today, there are so many huge aircraft that can carry hundreds of passengers with their luggage. There are special types of aircraft for carrying business goods. Those are called cargo planes.

Communications Information and Human Environment

Through different means of communication, we convey our message to others. With the development of technology, humans have developed new and faster means of communication. Through various means of communication, we personally send messages to our friends and relatives.

These tools are used in various types of business activities. Postal telegraph, telephone, fax and internet (e-mail) etc. are means of personal communication. But in today's era, various types of means of communication have been developed to convey the message to the public and also for entertainment. These are called tools of mass communication. Like radio, television is a powerful tool of mass media.

Development of communication has brought information revolution in the world. Communication has intensified with satellite. Oil exploration, forest survey, ground water mineral wealth. Satellites are helpful in weather forecasting and early warning etc. Today wireless telephone communication via cellular phone has become very popular.

Now, people of the world have come in close contact with each other as a result of rail, airplane and cinema tools sitting at home through the Internet and the whole world has shrunk to a village. Today we are developing as a big world society.

Important Facts

The change that human has brought in the natural environment is called Human Environment.

When man started farming and animal husbandry, he started living in a place with his huts. In this way small settlements started being formed.

Initially, the development of settlements took place near the river valleys because there was sufficient water available for cultivation and the land was fertile.

Settlements may be permanent and temporary. Residents of dense forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often live in temporary settlements. Some people spend the season with their animals. These people also live in temporary settlements.

Factors affecting permanent settlements are water availability, topography, favorable climate, industrial development and proximity to the coast. The developed settlements around the water sources are called wet point settlements.

Settlements are divided into two parts, depending on the size of the settlements and the main occupations of the people. Rural settlements and urban settlements.

Rural settlements may be dense or scattered. Scattered settlements are found mainly in hilly areas, dense jungles and deserts. In rural areas, people build their environmentally friendly houses. Urban settlements are often dense.

Due to migration of more people from rural areas to urban areas, the population of cities is increasing at a rapid pace, due to which many people have lived in Nandi settlements. Air pollution is also a serious problem in cities.

Transport is the means of movement of people and equal. The major modes of modern transport can be divided into three parts. Land routes, waterways and airways.

Roads and railroads are the main means of transportation to the site. Roads are more suitable for short distance travel while rail route is cheap and convenient for long distance travel. The plain areas are more suitable for making roads and railroads.

Water is the cheapest means of transportation. There are two types of waterways. Inland waterways and sea waterways. Rivers and lakes are used for inland waterways. Many ships carry trade goods from one country to another.

Air traffic is the fastest but most expensive means of transportation. Helicopters can also be reached in inaccessible places. Where there are no roads or railroads.

Through various means of communication, we communicate our message to others. Postal telegram, telephone, fax, and internet, (e-mail) etc. are means of personal communication. Radio, television and newspapers are powerful tools of mass communication.

Development of communication has brought information revolution in the world. Communication has intensified with satellite. As a result of these developed means of communication, today we are developing into a larger world society.

Please write in the comment section what do you think about the transportation and communication is necessary in human life?


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